Assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission to healthcare personnel: The global ACT-HCP case-control study.
Identifieur interne : 000232 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000231; suivant : 000233Assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission to healthcare personnel: The global ACT-HCP case-control study.
Auteurs : Robert J. Lentz [États-Unis] ; Henri Colt [États-Unis] ; Heidi Chen [États-Unis] ; Rosa Cordovilla [Espagne] ; Spasoje Popevic [Serbie] ; Sarabon Tahura [Bangladesh] ; Piero Candoli [Italie] ; Sara Tomassetti [Italie] ; Gerard J. Meachery [Royaume-Uni] ; Brandon P. Cohen [États-Unis] ; Bryan D. Harris [États-Unis] ; Thomas R. Talbot [États-Unis] ; Fabien Maldonado [États-Unis]Source :
- Infection control and hospital epidemiology [ 1559-6834 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To characterize associations between exposures within and outside the medical workplace with healthcare personnel (HCP) SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the effect of various forms of respiratory protection.
DESIGN
Case-control study.
SETTING
We collected data from international participants via an online survey.
PARTICIPANTS
In total, 1,130 HCP (244 cases with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, and 886 controls healthy throughout the pandemic) from 67 countries not meeting prespecified exclusion (ie, healthy but not working, missing workplace exposure data, COVID symptoms without lab confirmation) were included in this study.
METHODS
Respondents were queried regarding workplace exposures, respiratory protection, and extra-occupational activities. Odds ratios for HCP infection were calculated using multivariable logistic regression and sensitivity analyses controlling for confounders and known biases.
RESULTS
HCP infection was associated with non-aerosol-generating contact with COVID-19 patients (adjusted OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.04-1.9; P = .03) and extra-occupational exposures including gatherings of ≥10 people, patronizing restaurants or bars, and public transportation (adjusted OR range, 3.1-16.2). Respirator use during aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) was associated with lower odds of HCP infection (adjusted OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8, P = .005), as was exposure to intensive care and dedicated COVID units, negative pressure rooms, and personal protective equipment (PPE) observers (adjusted OR range, 0.4-0.7).
CONCLUSIONS
COVID-19 transmission to HCP was associated with medical exposures currently considered lower-risk and multiple extra-occupational exposures, and exposures associated with proper use of appropriate PPE were protective. Closer scrutiny of infection control measures surrounding healthcare activities and medical settings considered lower risk, and continued awareness of the risks of public congregation, may reduce the incidence of HCP infection.
DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.455
PubMed: 32900402
PubMed Central: PMC7542323
Affiliations:
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Interventional Pulmonary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Florence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meachery, Gerard J" sort="Meachery, Gerard J" uniqKey="Meachery G" first="Gerard J" last="Meachery">Gerard J. Meachery</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Respiratory Medicine and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newcastle Upon Tyne</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Brandon P" sort="Cohen, Brandon P" uniqKey="Cohen B" first="Brandon P" last="Cohen">Brandon P. 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Harris</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Talbot, Thomas R" sort="Talbot, Thomas R" uniqKey="Talbot T" first="Thomas R" last="Talbot">Thomas R. Talbot</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maldonado, Fabien" sort="Maldonado, Fabien" uniqKey="Maldonado F" first="Fabien" last="Maldonado">Fabien Maldonado</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32900402</idno><idno type="pmid">32900402</idno><idno type="doi">10.1017/ice.2020.455</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7542323</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000123</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000123</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000123</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000123</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000123</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission to healthcare personnel: The global ACT-HCP case-control study.</title><author><name sortKey="Lentz, Robert J" sort="Lentz, Robert J" uniqKey="Lentz R" first="Robert J" last="Lentz">Robert J. Lentz</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Colt, Henri" sort="Colt, Henri" uniqKey="Colt H" first="Henri" last="Colt">Henri Colt</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (Emeritus), University of California, Irvine, California, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (Emeritus), University of California, Irvine, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Heidi" sort="Chen, Heidi" uniqKey="Chen H" first="Heidi" last="Chen">Heidi Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cordovilla, Rosa" sort="Cordovilla, Rosa" uniqKey="Cordovilla R" first="Rosa" last="Cordovilla">Rosa Cordovilla</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pulmonology, Interventional Pulmonary Unit, Salamanca University Hospital, Salamanca, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pulmonology, Interventional Pulmonary Unit, Salamanca University Hospital, Salamanca</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Salamanca</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Popevic, Spasoje" sort="Popevic, Spasoje" uniqKey="Popevic S" first="Spasoje" last="Popevic">Spasoje Popevic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pulmonology, Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Serbie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pulmonology, Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Belgrade</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tahura, Sarabon" sort="Tahura, Sarabon" uniqKey="Tahura S" first="Sarabon" last="Tahura">Sarabon Tahura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Bangladesh</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dhaka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Candoli, Piero" sort="Candoli, Piero" uniqKey="Candoli P" first="Piero" last="Candoli">Piero Candoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pulmonology Unit, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Pulmonology Unit, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pesaro</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomassetti, Sara" sort="Tomassetti, Sara" uniqKey="Tomassetti S" first="Sara" last="Tomassetti">Sara Tomassetti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Interventional Pulmonary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Interventional Pulmonary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Florence</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meachery, Gerard J" sort="Meachery, Gerard J" uniqKey="Meachery G" first="Gerard J" last="Meachery">Gerard J. Meachery</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Respiratory Medicine and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newcastle Upon Tyne</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Brandon P" sort="Cohen, Brandon P" uniqKey="Cohen B" first="Brandon P" last="Cohen">Brandon P. Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>HCA Healthcare, Ocala Health System, Ocala, Florida, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>HCA Healthcare, Ocala Health System, Ocala, Florida</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Floride</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Bryan D" sort="Harris, Bryan D" uniqKey="Harris B" first="Bryan D" last="Harris">Bryan D. Harris</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Talbot, Thomas R" sort="Talbot, Thomas R" uniqKey="Talbot T" first="Thomas R" last="Talbot">Thomas R. Talbot</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maldonado, Fabien" sort="Maldonado, Fabien" uniqKey="Maldonado F" first="Fabien" last="Maldonado">Fabien Maldonado</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Tennessee</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Infection control and hospital epidemiology</title><idno type="eISSN">1559-6834</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>To characterize associations between exposures within and outside the medical workplace with healthcare personnel (HCP) SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the effect of various forms of respiratory protection.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>DESIGN</b></p><p>Case-control study.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>SETTING</b></p><p>We collected data from international participants via an online survey.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>PARTICIPANTS</b></p><p>In total, 1,130 HCP (244 cases with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, and 886 controls healthy throughout the pandemic) from 67 countries not meeting prespecified exclusion (ie, healthy but not working, missing workplace exposure data, COVID symptoms without lab confirmation) were included in this study.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>METHODS</b></p><p>Respondents were queried regarding workplace exposures, respiratory protection, and extra-occupational activities. Odds ratios for HCP infection were calculated using multivariable logistic regression and sensitivity analyses controlling for confounders and known biases.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>HCP infection was associated with non-aerosol-generating contact with COVID-19 patients (adjusted OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.04-1.9; P = .03) and extra-occupational exposures including gatherings of ≥10 people, patronizing restaurants or bars, and public transportation (adjusted OR range, 3.1-16.2). Respirator use during aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) was associated with lower odds of HCP infection (adjusted OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8, P = .005), as was exposure to intensive care and dedicated COVID units, negative pressure rooms, and personal protective equipment (PPE) observers (adjusted OR range, 0.4-0.7).</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p><p>COVID-19 transmission to HCP was associated with medical exposures currently considered lower-risk and multiple extra-occupational exposures, and exposures associated with proper use of appropriate PPE were protective. Closer scrutiny of infection control measures surrounding healthcare activities and medical settings considered lower risk, and continued awareness of the risks of public congregation, may reduce the incidence of HCP infection.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32900402</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>09</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1559-6834</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>Sep</Month><Day>09</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Infection control and hospital epidemiology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission to healthcare personnel: The global ACT-HCP case-control study.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1-7</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1017/ice.2020.455</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">To characterize associations between exposures within and outside the medical workplace with healthcare personnel (HCP) SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the effect of various forms of respiratory protection.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">Case-control study.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="SETTING" NlmCategory="METHODS">We collected data from international participants via an online survey.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="PARTICIPANTS" NlmCategory="METHODS">In total, 1,130 HCP (244 cases with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, and 886 controls healthy throughout the pandemic) from 67 countries not meeting prespecified exclusion (ie, healthy but not working, missing workplace exposure data, COVID symptoms without lab confirmation) were included in this study.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Respondents were queried regarding workplace exposures, respiratory protection, and extra-occupational activities. Odds ratios for HCP infection were calculated using multivariable logistic regression and sensitivity analyses controlling for confounders and known biases.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">HCP infection was associated with non-aerosol-generating contact with COVID-19 patients (adjusted OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.04-1.9; P = .03) and extra-occupational exposures including gatherings of ≥10 people, patronizing restaurants or bars, and public transportation (adjusted OR range, 3.1-16.2). Respirator use during aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) was associated with lower odds of HCP infection (adjusted OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8, P = .005), as was exposure to intensive care and dedicated COVID units, negative pressure rooms, and personal protective equipment (PPE) observers (adjusted OR range, 0.4-0.7).</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">COVID-19 transmission to HCP was associated with medical exposures currently considered lower-risk and multiple extra-occupational exposures, and exposures associated with proper use of appropriate PPE were protective. Closer scrutiny of infection control measures surrounding healthcare activities and medical settings considered lower risk, and continued awareness of the risks of public congregation, may reduce the incidence of HCP infection.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lentz</LastName><ForeName>Robert J</ForeName><Initials>RJ</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-0832</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Colt</LastName><ForeName>Henri</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (Emeritus), University of California, Irvine, California, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Heidi</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cordovilla</LastName><ForeName>Rosa</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pulmonology, Interventional Pulmonary Unit, Salamanca University Hospital, Salamanca, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Popevic</LastName><ForeName>Spasoje</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pulmonology, Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tahura</LastName><ForeName>Sarabon</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Candoli</LastName><ForeName>Piero</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pulmonology Unit, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tomassetti</LastName><ForeName>Sara</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Interventional Pulmonary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Meachery</LastName><ForeName>Gerard J</ForeName><Initials>GJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cohen</LastName><ForeName>Brandon P</ForeName><Initials>BP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>HCA Healthcare, Ocala Health System, Ocala, Florida, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Harris</LastName><ForeName>Bryan D</ForeName><Initials>BD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Talbot</LastName><ForeName>Thomas R</ForeName><Initials>TR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Maldonado</LastName><ForeName>Fabien</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>09</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8804099</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0899-823X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>N</CitationSubset></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>21</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>aheadofprint</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32900402</ArticleId><ArticleId 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